Course Content

Python Functions Tutorial

1. What is a Function in Python?

What Is Function?Challenge: Building Functions Arguments Return Value Function Body Built-in Functions

2. Positional and Optional Arguments

Positional Arguments Challenge: Positional Arguments Optional Arguments Challenge: Optional Arguments

3. Arbitrary Arguments

Arbitrary Arguments Arbitrary Keyword Arguments Combination of Positional and Optional Arguments

4. Function Return Value Specification

Single Return Value Multiple Return Values None Return Value Generator Functions Challenge: Traffic lights

5. Recursion and Lambda Functions

Recursion Challenge: Search Engine Lambda Functions Immediately Invoked Lambda Expression Writing Effective and Maintainable Functions

Optional Arguments

What happens if one of the positional arguments is not specified? Let's examine an example:


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# Function with two positional arguments
def greet(name, age):
    print(f'Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.')

# Calling the `greet()` function with one missing argument
greet(name='Alex')

An error occurs when we forget to specify some of the positional arguments. In real projects, this behavior is unacceptable, as it generates many bugs and significantly impacts the system's fault tolerance. One approach to mitigate this issue is by employing default arguments.

These arguments are optional when calling the function, as the default value will be used if no value is specified for that argument.

To define an optional argument, you can assign a default value to the corresponding parameter in the function definition. Here's an example:


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def greet(name, age=0):
    print(f'Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.')

# Calling the `greet()` function with missing optional argument
greet(name='Alex')

However, there is an important rule when using optional arguments: they must be specified after all non-optional arguments. If this rule is not followed, an error will occur.


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def greet(name='Alex', age):
    print(f'Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.')

# Calling the `greet()` function with optional argument before non-optional 
greet(age=35)

Everything was clear?

Thanks for your feedback!

Section 2. Chapter 3