**Descriptive analytics** is a branch of data analytics that focuses on understanding and summarizing historical data to gain insights into patterns, trends, and characteristics of the data. It involves organizing, summarizing, and visualizing data to describe and explain what has happened in the past. Descriptive analytics provides a foundation for further analysis and decision-making.  when Descriptive analytics answers the questions **What had happened?** and **What are the key characteristics of happened events?**.   

Here are some common techniques and tools used in descriptive analytics:

- **Data Summarization**: Descriptive analytics involves summarizing data using measures such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, percentiles, and other statistical measures. This helps in understanding the central tendencies, variability, and distribution of the data.
- **Data Visualization**: Visualizing data through charts, graphs, histograms, heatmaps, and other visual representations is crucial in descriptive analytics. Tools like matplotlib, Seaborn, Tableau, and Power BI are commonly used to create visualizations that provide a clear and intuitive understanding of the data.
- **Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)**: EDA is an essential part of descriptive analytics. It involves examining the data through various techniques like scatter plots, box plots, correlation analysis, and data profiling. EDA helps identify outliers, relationships between variables, and patterns in the data.
- **Dashboards and Reporting**: Creating interactive dashboards and reports allows stakeholders to access and explore descriptive analytics insights easily. Tools like Tableau, Power BI, and Google Data Studio enable the creation of dynamic dashboards that provide real-time access to summarized and visualized data.
- **Data Mining**: Descriptive analytics may involve data mining techniques to discover hidden patterns or relationships within the data. This can include clustering, association rules, sequence analysis, and anomaly detection algorithms. Tools like RapidMiner, KNIME, and Orange provide data mining capabilities.
- **Statistical Analysis**: Descriptive analytics often uses statistical analysis techniques to derive insights from data. This includes hypothesis testing, regression analysis, time series analysis, and other statistical methods. Tools like Python with libraries such as NumPy, pandas, and SciPy, as well as software like IBM SPSS and SAS, are commonly used for statistical analysis.

The goal of descriptive analytics is to provide a comprehensive understanding of historical data, identify trends, patterns, and anomalies, and communicate these insights effectively to stakeholders.

____
On the other hand, **diagnostic analytics** is a branch of data analytics that focuses on examining past data to understand *why certain events or outcomes occurred*. It involves digging deeper into the data to uncover the root causes of specific patterns, trends, or anomalies. Diagnostic analytics helps answer the question **What factors contributed to the outcome?**.

Here are some key aspects of diagnostic analytics:

- **Root Cause Analysis**: Diagnostic analytics aims to identify the root causes of specific outcomes or events. It involves analyzing data to understand the relationships, dependencies, and interactions between different variables and factors. This analysis helps uncover the underlying reasons for observed patterns or anomalies.
- **Hypothesis Testing**: In diagnostic analytics, hypothesis testing is commonly used to evaluate potential causes or factors that may have influenced the outcome.    Statistical techniques are employed to test hypotheses and determine the significance of relationships between variables.
- **Comparative Analysis**: Diagnostic analytics often involves comparing different groups, segments, or time periods to identify differences and understand their impact on the outcome. This can include comparing performance across different regions, customer segments, or product categories to identify factors that contribute to variations in outcomes.

The insights gained from diagnostic analytics help organizations understand the causes behind certain outcomes or events, enabling them to make informed decisions, optimize processes, and address potential issues or challenges

Welcome to the Course Guide for Programming Language Fundamentals! This comprehensive course is designed to provide you with a solid foundation in various programming languages. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced developer looking to expand your skill set, this course will help you develop a strong understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles that underlie programming languages.

Are you ready to unlock the exciting world of web development? Let's take on a journey into web development, revealing its immense power and endless possibilities. Explore the key technologies shaping the modern web and why web development is the hottest skill in today's digital landscape. Get ready to embark on an adventure that will ignite your creativity, challenge your problem-solving skills, and empower you to build the future of the web!

Backend Development is one of the key branches of the IT world. Why? The term "backend" is related to servers, but does not mean the development of the server itself. Backend Development is used in any project, be it games or websites, and its key element is the API. Let's dive into these concepts and understand what exactly is Backend Development?

Now we will consider another popular direction in Computer Science - Data Analytics. You will understand Data Analytics and how we can use descriptive, diagnostic, prescriptive, and predictive analytics in real life. Finally, you will get familiar with some tools used for Data Analytics.

Data science is a discipline closely associated with data analytics, enabling the extraction of valuable insights from available datasets. Now we will consider key data science features and commonly used tools and technologies. 

Course Guide for Programming Language Fundamentals

Descriptive and Diagnostic Analytics

Course Guide for Programming Language Fundamentals

Descriptive and Diagnostic Analytics