Summary  
This chapter covers how to use the AND operator in SQL to combine multiple filter conditions in a WHERE clause so that only rows meeting all specified criteria are returned.

General domain of usage  
Relational database querying

When you want to filter results using more than one column, you can chain conditions together with the `AND` operator in the `WHERE` clause. 

SELECT name, population, region
FROM country
WHERE population >= 1000000 AND continent ='Europe';

This query returns only the rows that meet both conditions: the country's population is at least 1000000, and it's located in Europe.

import unittest
import psycopg2
import pandas as pd
import re

class TestTask(unittest.TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        cls.connection = psycopg2.connect(
            host="localhost",
            user="agent",
            password="qwerty",
            dbname="testdb",
            sslmode="disable"
        )
        cls.cursor = cls.connection.cursor()

    def test_selects_only_name_column(self):
        """Check if only the 'name' column is selected."""
        with open("query.sql", "r") as file:
            query = file.read()
        self.cursor.execute(query)
        columns = [desc[0] for desc in self.cursor.description]
        condition = len(columns) == 1 and normalize_text(columns[0]) == 'name'
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "Query selects only the 'name' column.",
            f"Query must select only the 'name' column, but got: {columns}."
        )

    def test_population_greater_than_1000000(self):
        """Check if all returned countries have population > 1000000."""
        with open("query.sql", "r") as file:
            query = file.read()
        self.cursor.execute(query)
        names = [row[0] for row in self.cursor.fetchall()]
        if not names:
            # No rows returned, cannot verify, consider as fail
            _dynamic_test(
                self,
                False,
                "Rows with population > 1000000 are returned.",
                "No rows returned. Ensure you are filtering population > 1000000."
            )
            return
        # Get populations for returned names
        format_names = ','.join(['%s']*len(names))
        self.cursor.execute(f"SELECT name, population FROM country WHERE name IN ({format_names})", names)
        for name, population in self.cursor.fetchall():
            condition = population is not None and population > 1000000
            _dynamic_test(
                self,
                condition,
                f"Country '{name}' has population > 1000000.",
                f"Country '{name}' does not have population > 1000000."
            )

    def test_continent_is_asia(self):
        """Check if all returned countries are in Asia."""
        with open("query.sql", "r") as file:
            query = file.read()
        self.cursor.execute(query)
        names = [row[0] for row in self.cursor.fetchall()]
        if not names:
            _dynamic_test(
                self,
                False,
                "Rows from Asia are returned.",
                "No rows returned. Ensure you are filtering continent = 'Asia'."
            )
            return
        format_names = ','.join(['%s']*len(names))
        self.cursor.execute(f"SELECT name, continent FROM country WHERE name IN ({format_names})", names)
        for name, continent in self.cursor.fetchall():
            condition = normalize_text(continent) == 'asia'
            _dynamic_test(
                self,
                condition,
                f"Country '{name}' is in Asia.",
                f"Country '{name}' is not in Asia."
            )

    def test_and_operator_used(self):
        """Check if query uses the AND operator in WHERE clause."""
        with open("query.sql", "r") as file:
            query = file.read()
        lower_query = normalize_text(query)
        # Find WHERE ... AND ...
        # Accepts both orders
        has_and = 'where' in lower_query and 'and' in lower_query
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            has_and,
            "Query uses the AND operator in WHERE clause.",
            "Query must use the AND operator to combine conditions in WHERE clause."
        )

def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_message, failure_message):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_message
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_message)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_message
        test_case.fail(failure_message)

def normalize_text(text):
    text = text.lower()
    text = re.sub(r"\s{2,}", " ", text)
    text = re.sub(r"\s*([,:?])\s*", r"\1 ", text)
    return text.strip()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()


test_solution.py

Learn the core fundamentals of SQL and relational databases. Understand how databases store and organize data, write basic SQL queries, work with tables and perform essential operations. Build a strong foundation for working with databases in backend development.

Using the AND Operator

Lösning