Conteúdo do Curso

Python Advanced Concepts

1. Modules and Imports

Python Project Structure Understanding Modules Import Statements Understanding Libraries in Python Exploring Standard Libraries Package Management

2. Error Handling

Basics of Error Handling Raising Exceptions Handling Code After Exceptions Using Assertions Best Practices in Exception Handling

3. File Handling

Introduction to File Handling Reading and Writing Files Advanced File Operations Working with File Paths Context Managers Custom Context Managers Handling Binary Files

4. Pytest Framework

Introduction to Testing in Python Pytest Framework Assert Statement Test Parametrization

5. Unittest Framework

Introduction to Unittest Assert Methods SetUp and TearDown Steps Mocking Technique Mocking in Details

6. Iterators and Generators

Python Iterables Understanding Iterators Lazy Evaluation Introduction to Generators Practical Examples of Generators

Exploring Standard Libraries

Python's standard (built-in) libraries are a set of modules included with every Python installation. They provide a range of functionality that allows you to add features to your programs without installing additional modules. Let's explore a few essential libraries that you'll find yourself using often.

The math Library

The math library includes functions for mathematical operations beyond basic arithmetic. It provides access to the mathematical functions defined by the C standard.

Example uses:


              1234567
            
import math

# Calculating powers
print(math.pow(2, 3))  # Output: 8.0

# Finding square roots
print(math.sqrt(16))  # Output: 4.0

Here’s a list of some of the most useful functions within the math library:

Function	Description	Example
`sqrt(x)`	Computes the square root of x	sqrt(3) == 9
`pow(x, y)`	Returns x raised to the power of y	pow(2, 3) == 8
`ceil(x)`	Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x	ceil(9.2) == 10
`floor(x)`	Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x	floor(9.2) == 9
`exp(x)`	Calculates e raised to the power of x, where e is the base of natural logarithms	exp(1) == 2.72
`sin(x)`, `cos(x)`, `tan(x)`	These functions return the sine, cosine, and tangent of x, which is in radians	cos(pi) == -1.0
`radians(x)`	Converts degrees to radians	radians(pi) == 0.0548
`degrees(x)`	Converts radians to degrees	degrees(0.0548) == 3.14

The datetime Library

When you need to work with dates and times, the datetime library is your go-to solution. It can handle date transformations, time zones, and more.


              123456789
            
import datetime

# Getting today's date
today = datetime.date.today()
print(today)  # Output: YYYY-MM-DD

# Calculating a future date
future = today + datetime.timedelta(days=10)
print(future)  # Output: YYYY-MM-DD + 10 days

Other Notable Libraries

os: provides a way of using operating system dependent functionality like reading or writing to files;
sys: provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter;
json: for parsing JSON data into Python objects, and vice versa.


              123
            
import os

print(os.getcwd())  # Outputs the current working directory.

Tarefa

Swipe to show code editor

Complete the Python code to perform specific mathematical calculations using the appropriate functions from the math library.

Import math library;
Calculate the natural logarithm of 10 and print the result;
Calculate the factorial of 5 and print the result;
Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of 30 degrees (after converting degrees to radians) and print the results;
Use both ceil and floor functions on the number 9.2 and print the results.

Congratulations! 🎉 You’ve just harnessed the power of multiple standard libraries to create a useful tool. In our next chapter, we’ll explore advanced importing techniques that will further enhance your Python prowess. Stay curious and keep coding! 🚀

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Seção 1. Capítulo 5

Exploring Standard Libraries

The math Library

The math library includes functions for mathematical operations beyond basic arithmetic. It provides access to the mathematical functions defined by the C standard.

Example uses:


              1234567
            
import math

# Calculating powers
print(math.pow(2, 3))  # Output: 8.0

# Finding square roots
print(math.sqrt(16))  # Output: 4.0

Here’s a list of some of the most useful functions within the math library:

Function	Description	Example
`sqrt(x)`	Computes the square root of x	sqrt(3) == 9
`pow(x, y)`	Returns x raised to the power of y	pow(2, 3) == 8
`ceil(x)`	Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x	ceil(9.2) == 10
`floor(x)`	Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x	floor(9.2) == 9
`exp(x)`	Calculates e raised to the power of x, where e is the base of natural logarithms	exp(1) == 2.72
`sin(x)`, `cos(x)`, `tan(x)`	These functions return the sine, cosine, and tangent of x, which is in radians	cos(pi) == -1.0
`radians(x)`	Converts degrees to radians	radians(pi) == 0.0548
`degrees(x)`	Converts radians to degrees	degrees(0.0548) == 3.14

The datetime Library

When you need to work with dates and times, the datetime library is your go-to solution. It can handle date transformations, time zones, and more.


              123456789
            
import datetime

# Getting today's date
today = datetime.date.today()
print(today)  # Output: YYYY-MM-DD

# Calculating a future date
future = today + datetime.timedelta(days=10)
print(future)  # Output: YYYY-MM-DD + 10 days

Other Notable Libraries

os: provides a way of using operating system dependent functionality like reading or writing to files;
sys: provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter;
json: for parsing JSON data into Python objects, and vice versa.


              123
            
import os

print(os.getcwd())  # Outputs the current working directory.

Tarefa

Swipe to show code editor

Complete the Python code to perform specific mathematical calculations using the appropriate functions from the math library.

Import math library;
Calculate the natural logarithm of 10 and print the result;
Calculate the factorial of 5 and print the result;
Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of 30 degrees (after converting degrees to radians) and print the results;
Use both ceil and floor functions on the number 9.2 and print the results.

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Tudo estava claro?

Obrigado pelo seu feedback!

Seção 1. Capítulo 5

Mude para o desktop para praticar no mundo realContinue de onde você está usando uma das opções abaixo