Understanding CASE WHEN Syntax
Conditional logic is an essential part of working with data in SQL. Often, you need to categorize, flag, or transform your data based on specific conditions—such as labeling high and low sales, applying discounts, or grouping results. Unlike traditional programming languages, SQL does not use if statements for this purpose. Instead, you use the CASE WHEN expression to introduce branching logic directly into your queries. This allows you to return different values in your result set depending on the data in each row.
123456789SELECT id, product, quantity, CASE WHEN quantity >= 10 THEN 'High' ELSE 'Low' END AS sales_label FROM sales;
In the query above, each part of the CASE WHEN syntax plays a specific role in adding conditional logic to your SQL statements. The CASE keyword begins the conditional block. Each WHEN clause specifies a condition to evaluate—in this example, whether quantity is greater than or equal to 10. If this condition is met, the query returns the string "High" for that row. The ELSE clause provides a fallback value, returning "Low" when the condition is not satisfied. Finally, the END keyword closes the CASE block, and the result is given an alias sales_label for clarity in the output. This structure allows you to dynamically label or categorize your data based on any logic you define.
12345678910SELECT id, product, quantity, CASE WHEN quantity >= 15 THEN 'High' WHEN quantity >= 8 THEN 'Medium' ELSE 'Low' END AS sales_label FROM sales;
1. What is the primary purpose of the CASE WHEN statement in SQL?
2. Which keyword is used to end a CASE WHEN block?
3. Fill in the blanks for a basic CASE WHEN statement that labels sales as Bulk if quantity >= 50, and Standard otherwise.
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Conditional logic is an essential part of working with data in SQL. Often, you need to categorize, flag, or transform your data based on specific conditions—such as labeling high and low sales, applying discounts, or grouping results. Unlike traditional programming languages, SQL does not use if statements for this purpose. Instead, you use the CASE WHEN expression to introduce branching logic directly into your queries. This allows you to return different values in your result set depending on the data in each row.
123456789SELECT id, product, quantity, CASE WHEN quantity >= 10 THEN 'High' ELSE 'Low' END AS sales_label FROM sales;
In the query above, each part of the CASE WHEN syntax plays a specific role in adding conditional logic to your SQL statements. The CASE keyword begins the conditional block. Each WHEN clause specifies a condition to evaluate—in this example, whether quantity is greater than or equal to 10. If this condition is met, the query returns the string "High" for that row. The ELSE clause provides a fallback value, returning "Low" when the condition is not satisfied. Finally, the END keyword closes the CASE block, and the result is given an alias sales_label for clarity in the output. This structure allows you to dynamically label or categorize your data based on any logic you define.
12345678910SELECT id, product, quantity, CASE WHEN quantity >= 15 THEN 'High' WHEN quantity >= 8 THEN 'Medium' ELSE 'Low' END AS sales_label FROM sales;
1. What is the primary purpose of the CASE WHEN statement in SQL?
2. Which keyword is used to end a CASE WHEN block?
3. Fill in the blanks for a basic CASE WHEN statement that labels sales as Bulk if quantity >= 50, and Standard otherwise.
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