Summary  
This chapter explains the CSS box model, showing how to control element spacing with padding and margin, define borders (including shorthand versus individual side properties), and apply different border styles.

General domain of usage  
Front-end web development

You know that every element has content, padding, border, and margin. Let's see how to control spacing using those properties.

## Padding
Padding creates space **inside** the element, between the content and the border.
```css
.box {
  padding: 20px;
}
```
This applies 20px of padding on all four sides.

### Padding Shorthand
Padding can be written using shorthand syntax.

The order of values is always: top → right → bottom → left

```css
padding: 20px; /* all sides */
padding: 10px 20px; /* top/bottom | left/right */
padding: 10px 20px 5px; /* top | left/right | bottom */
padding: 10px 15px 20px 25px; /* top | right | bottom | left */
```

### Individual Padding Properties

You can also control each side separately:
```css
padding-top: 10px;
padding-right: 15px;
padding-bottom: 25px;
padding-left: 5px;
```

## Margin
Margin creates space **outside** the element, between it and other elements.
```css
.box {
  margin: 20px;
}
```



### Margin Shorthand
Margin follows the same shorthand rules as padding:

```css
margin: 20px; /* all sides */
margin: 10px 20px; /* top/bottom | left/right */
margin: 10px 20px 5px; /* top | left/right | bottom */
margin: 10px 15px 20px 25px; /* top | right | bottom | left */
```

### Individual Margin Properties
Can also be set individually:
```css
margin-top: 10px;
margin-right: 15px;
margin-bottom: 25px;
margin-left: 5px;
```


## Border
The border sits **between** padding and margin.

Basic shorthand:
```css
border: 4px solid brown;
```
This defines: width, style, color.

Common border styles include `solid`, `dotted`, `dashed`, and `double`.

You can also control individual sides if needed:
```css
border-top: 2px solid black;
```

Let's consider the following example and figure out the possible border styles:



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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>
      /* Current focus */
      .box-one {
        border: 2px solid brown;
      }

      .box-two {
        border: 2px dotted brown;
      }

      .box-three {
        border: 2px dashed brown;
      }

      .box-four {
        border: 4px double brown;
      }

      /* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
      .border-showcase {
        display: flex;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        gap: 30px;
        justify-content: center;
        max-width: 600px;
margin: auto;
      }

      .card {
        width: 200px;
        padding: 20px;
        border-radius: 12px;
        background-color: white;
        box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
        text-align: center;
        transition: transform 0.2s ease;
      }

      h3 {
        margin-top: 0;
        font-size: 18px;
        color: #333;
      }

      p {
        font-size: 14px;
        color: #555;
        line-height: 1.5;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="border-showcase">
      <div class="card box-one">
        <h3>Solid Border</h3>
        <p>A classic, clean solid line used in most UI elements.</p>
      </div>

      <div class="card box-two">
        <h3>Dotted Border</h3>
        <p>Used for outlines, notes, or decorative elements.</p>
      </div>

      <div class="card box-three">
        <h3>Dashed Border</h3>
        <p>Often seen in editable fields or "drag here" zones.</p>
      </div>

      <div class="card box-four">
        <h3>Double Border</h3>
        <p>Stylish and bold - used for emphasis or framing.</p>
      </div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>


Padding:
- Adds space inside the element;
- Expands the background area.

Margin:
- Adds space outside the element;
- Does not affect the element's background.

Key Difference

Which side receives `40px` in the following declaration?

Which property adds space inside an element, between its content and border?

Beheers de basisprincipes van CSS, de opmaakt taal die het uiterlijk en de uitstraling van webpagina's transformeert. Verken kernconcepten zoals tekststijlen, kleuren, afstand, het boxmodel, Flexbox en decoratieve effecten. Ontwikkel vaardigheden om visueel aantrekkelijke en goed gestructureerde webpagina's te creëren.

Begrijpen hoe CSS wordt gekoppeld aan HTML en hoe stijlen worden toegepast via selectors.
Toepassen van kleuren, tekststijlen en hover-effecten om de visuele presentatie te beheersen.

Verbeter typografie met behulp van regelhoogte, afstand, lettertype-eigenschappen en aangepaste lettertypen. Beheer lettertypefamilies, gewicht, stijl en grootte voor betere leesbaarheid.

Beheer de lay-outstructuur met behulp van margin-, padding-, border- en width-eigenschappen. Inzicht in het gedrag van box-sizing en elementweergavetypen zoals block, inline en inline-block.

Beheer horizontale en verticale lay-outs met behulp van Flexbox-eigenschappen. Pas richting, uitlijning en afstand aan om UI-componenten te structureren.

Verbeter lay-outs met achtergrondkleuren, afbeeldingen, pseudo-elementen en schaduwen. Stijl visuele componenten voor diepte en contrast.

Margin and Padding Made Simple

Padding

Padding Shorthand

Individual Padding Properties

Margin

Margin Shorthand

Individual Margin Properties

Border

Output

1. Which side receives `40px` in the following declaration?

2. Which property adds space inside an element, between its content and border?