Summary  
This chapter covers CSS properties—line-height, letter-spacing, word-spacing, and text-shadow—that let you adjust vertical and horizontal spacing and add shadow effects to optimize text readability and appearance.

General domain of usage  
Web design and front-end development

Watch this video to see how `line-height`, `letter-spacing`, `word-spacing`, and `text-shadow` work in real CSS examples. You'll learn how each property affects readability, get tips for choosing values. Use simple css examples. Do not provide full html document stucture. Focus on css mainly

Good typography improves readability and visual structure.
In this chapter, we focus on properties that control spacing and subtle visual effects for text: `line-height`, `letter-spacing`, `word-spacing`, and `text-shadow`.

These properties help make text easier to read and visually balanced.

## line-height
`line-height` controls the vertical spacing between lines of text. Browsers set a default value based on the font, but you can customize it using several formats:

```css
line-height: multiplier | value in px | value in em | percent 
```
- `multiplier` unitless value like `1.5` multiplies the `font-size`;
- `value in px` specific height, e.g., `24px`;
- `value in em` relative value, similar to multiplier (`1.4em = font-size × 1.4`);
- `percent` works like multiplier (`120% = font-size × 1.2`).

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>
      /* Current focus */
      .lh-multiplier p {
        line-height: 1.6;
      }

      .lh-px p {
        line-height: 28px;
      }

      .lh-em p {
        line-height: 1.8em;
      }

      .lh-percent p {
        line-height: 180%;
      }

      /* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
      body {
        font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;
        display: flex;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
        height: 100vh;
        background-color: #f3f3f3;
        margin: 0;
        text-align: center;
      }

      ul {
        display: flex;
        justify-content: space-around;
        list-style: none;
        padding-left: 0;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        gap: 20px;
      }

      .container {
        width: 260px;
        border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
        padding: 15px;
        border-radius: 8px;
        background-color: white;
        box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
        text-align: left;
      }

      h3 {
        text-align: center;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
        font-size: 18px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-multiplier">
          <h3>Multiplier</h3>
          <p>
            "Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to
            success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful." –
            Albert Schweitzer
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-px">
          <h3>Pixels</h3>
          <p>
            "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." –
            Thomas Edison
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-em">
          <h3>EM</h3>
          <p>
            "In the middle of every difficulty lies opportunity." – Albert
            Einstein
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container lh-percent">
          <h3>Percent</h3>
          <p>
            "Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no
            path and leave a trail." – Ralph Waldo Emerson
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## letter-spacing
`letter-spacing` sets horizontal spacing between characters.

```css
letter-spacing: normal | value in px | value in em
``` 
- `normal`: default spacing;
- `value in px`: fixed extra spacing;
- `value in em`: spacing relative to `font-size`.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    
    <style>/* Current focus */
.ls-normal .quote {
  letter-spacing: normal;
}

.ls-px .quote {
  letter-spacing: 4px;
}

.ls-em .quote {
  letter-spacing: 0.3em;
}

/* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
body {
  font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background-color: #f6f6f6;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: center;
}

ul {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 20px;
}

.container {
  width: 280px;
  border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: white;
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

h3 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-size: 18px;
}

.quote {
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
</style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container ls-normal">
          <h3>Normal</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            "Change the world by being yourself." – Amy Poehler
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ls-px">
          <h3>4px</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            "Everything you can imagine is real." – Pablo Picasso
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ls-em">
          <h3>0.3em</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            "Whatever you are, be a good one." – Abraham Lincoln
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## word-spacing
The `word-spacing` adjusts the distance between words.

```css
word-spacing: value | inherit | normal
```
- `value`: custom spacing;
- `inherit`: uses the parent element's spacing;
- `normal`: default spacing.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
   <style>/* Current focus */
.ws-normal .quote {
  word-spacing: normal;
}

.ws-custom .quote {
  word-spacing: 12px;
}

.parent {
  word-spacing: 20px;
}

.ws-inherit .quote {
  word-spacing: inherit;
}

/* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
body {
  font-family: 'Raleway', sans-serif;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background-color: #fafafa;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: center;
}

ul {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 20px;
}

.container {
  width: 280px;
  border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: white;
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

h3 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-size: 18px;
}

.quote {
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
</style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container ws-normal">
          <h3>Normal</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            Do something today that your future self will thank you for.
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ws-custom">
          <h3>12px</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            Success doesn't come from what you do occasionally, but what you do
            consistently.
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container ws-inherit">
          <h3>Inherit</h3>
          <div class="parent">
            <p class="quote">Great things never come from comfort zones.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


## text-shadow
`text-shadow` adds a shadow effect to text. It accepts four values:

```css
text-shadow: "X set" | "Y set" | "blur radius" | "color"
```
- `X set`: horizontal shift;
- `Y set`: vertical shift;
- `blur radius`: softness of the shadow (0 = sharp);
- `color`: any valid color, defaults to current text color.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <style>/* Current focus */
.shadow-subtle .quote {
  text-shadow: 1px 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); /* soft dark shadow */
}

.shadow-soft-depth .quote {
  text-shadow: 2px 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); /* deeper, longer shadow */
}

.shadow-strong-contrast .quote {
  text-shadow: 3px 3px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); /* more aggressive shadow */
}

.shadow-colored .quote {
  text-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(128, 0, 128, 0.5); /* purple glow */
}

/* Additional styles for better appearance (not the current focus) */
body {
  font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
  margin: 0;
  text-align: center;
}

ul {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-around;
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 20px;
}

.container {
  width: 280px;
  border: 1px dashed darksalmon;
  padding: 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  background-color: white;
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

h3 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  font-size: 18px;
}

.quote {
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: 600;
}
</style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-subtle">
          <h3>Subtle Glow</h3>
          <p class="quote">Believe you can and you're halfway there.</p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-soft-depth">
          <h3>Soft Depth</h3>
          <p class="quote">Courage is grace under pressure.</p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-strong-contrast">
          <h3>Strong Contrast</h3>
          <p class="quote">Turn your wounds into wisdom.</p>
        </div>
      </li>
      <li>
        <div class="container shadow-colored">
          <h3>Colored Glow</h3>
          <p class="quote">
            Everything you've ever wanted is on the other side of fear.
          </p>
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>


In text formatting, there are no strict rules dictating which values must be used in specific situations. The choice of text formatting properties and values depends on the unique requirements of each project and the design vision.

Note

Which CSS property is used to create a visual effect that adds a shadow to text?

Which CSS property adjusts the distance between words in a text?

Style web pages using CSS to control layout, spacing, colors, and typography. Work with selectors, the box model, and Flexbox to build structured layouts. Create modern UI components using backgrounds, fonts, and visual effects.

Text Formatting for Better Readability

line-height

Output

letter-spacing

Output

word-spacing

Output

text-shadow

Output

1. Which CSS property is used to create a visual effect that adds a shadow to text?

2. Which CSS property adjusts the distance between words in a text?