You can also use **negative indexing** to access rows in the DataFrame. Negative indexing starts from the end of the DataFrame: index `-1` points to the last row, `-2` to the second to last, and so on.

To access the seventh row (which refers to Latvia), you can use either index **6** or **-1**.

import pandas

countries_data = {'country' : ['Thailand', 'Philippines', 'Monaco', 'Malta', 'Sweden', 'Paraguay', 'Latvia'], 'continent' : ['Asia', 'Asia', 'Europe', 'Europe', 'Europe', 'South America', 'Europe'], 'capital':['Bangkok', 'Manila', 'Monaco', 'Valletta', 'Stockholm', 'Asuncion', 'Riga']}
countries = pandas.DataFrame(countries_data)
# Accessing to the seventh row using negative indexing
print(countries.iloc[-1])

Running the above code will return the row highlighted in the image below:

import unittest
import importlib
import pandas as pd


def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_message, failure_message):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_message
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_message)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_message
        test_case.fail(failure_message)


class TestUserCode(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_audi_A1_2017_is_declared(self):
        import user_code
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'audi_A1_2017'),
            "The variable `audi_A1_2017` is declared.",
            "Expected `audi_A1_2017` to be declared."
        )

    def test_audi_A1_2017_is_series(self):
        import user_code

        try:
            condition = isinstance(user_code.audi_A1_2017, pd.Series)
            failure_message = f"Expected `audi_A1_2017` to be a `Series`, but got `{type(user_code.audi_A1_2017).__name__}`."
        except AttributeError:
            condition = False
            failure_message = "The `audi_A1_2017` variable is not declared."
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The variable `audi_A1_2017` is a `Series`.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_audi_A1_2017_is_correct(self):
        import user_code

        cars_data = {'model': ['Audi A1', 'Audi A6', 'Audi A4', 'Audi A3', 'Audi A1'],
                     'year': [2017, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2016],
                     'fueltype': ['petrol', 'diesel', 'diesel', 'petrol', 'petrol'],
                     'price': [12500, 16500, 16800, 17300, 13900]}

        audi_cars = pd.DataFrame(cars_data)
        expected_value = audi_cars.iloc[0]

        variable = 'audi_A1_2017'
        actual_value = getattr(user_code, variable, None)
        if actual_value is None:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"The `{variable}` variable is not declared."
        elif isinstance(actual_value, pd.Series):
            condition = actual_value.equals(expected_value)
            if actual_value.empty:
                failure_message = f"`{variable}` is empty."
            else:
                failure_message = f"Expected `{variable}` to contain `{expected_value.values}`, but got `{actual_value.values}`."
        else:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is not a `Series`."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            f"`{variable}` contains the correct values.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_audi_A1_2016_is_declared(self):
        import user_code
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'audi_A1_2016'),
            "The variable `audi_A1_2016` is declared.",
            "Expected `audi_A1_2016` to be declared."
        )

    def test_audi_A1_2016_is_series(self):
        import user_code

        try:
            condition = isinstance(user_code.audi_A1_2016, pd.Series)
            failure_message = f"Expected `audi_A1_2016` to be a `Series`, but got `{type(user_code.audi_A1_2016).__name__}`."
        except AttributeError:
            condition = False
            failure_message = "The `audi_A1_2016` variable is not declared."
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The variable `audi_A1_2016` is a `Series`.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_audi_A1_2016_is_correct(self):
        import user_code
        cars_data = {'model': ['Audi A1', 'Audi A6', 'Audi A4', 'Audi A3', 'Audi A1'],
                     'year': [2017, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2016],
                     'fueltype': ['petrol', 'diesel', 'diesel', 'petrol', 'petrol'],
                     'price': [12500, 16500, 16800, 17300, 13900]}

        audi_cars = pd.DataFrame(cars_data)
        expected_value = audi_cars.iloc[-1]

        variable = 'audi_A1_2016'
        actual_value = getattr(user_code, variable, None)
        if actual_value is None:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"The `{variable}` variable is not declared."
        elif isinstance(actual_value, pd.Series):
            condition = actual_value.equals(expected_value)
            if actual_value.empty:
                failure_message = f"`{variable}` is empty."
            else:
                failure_message = f"Expected `{variable}` to contain `{expected_value.values}`, but got `{actual_value.values}`."
        else:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is not a `Series`."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            f"`{variable}` contains the correct values.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_audi_A3_is_declared(self):
        import user_code
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'audi_A3'),
            "The variable `audi_A3` is declared.",
            "Expected `audi_A3` to be declared."
        )

    def test_audi_A3_is_series(self):
        import user_code

        try:
            condition = isinstance(user_code.audi_A3, pd.Series)
            failure_message = f"Expected `audi_A3` to be a `Series`, but got `{type(user_code.audi_A3).__name__}`."
        except AttributeError:
            condition = False
            failure_message = "The `audi_A3` variable is not declared."
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The variable `audi_A3` is a `Series`.",
            failure_message
        )

    def test_audi_A3_is_correct(self):
        import user_code

        cars_data = {'model': ['Audi A1', 'Audi A6', 'Audi A4', 'Audi A3', 'Audi A1'],
                     'year': [2017, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2016],
                     'fueltype': ['petrol', 'diesel', 'diesel', 'petrol', 'petrol'],
                     'price': [12500, 16500, 16800, 17300, 13900]}

        audi_cars = pd.DataFrame(cars_data)
        expected_value = audi_cars.iloc[3]

        variable = 'audi_A3'
        actual_value = getattr(user_code, variable, None)
        if actual_value is None:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"The `{variable}` variable is not declared."
        elif isinstance(actual_value, pd.Series):
            condition = actual_value.equals(expected_value)
            if actual_value.empty:
                failure_message = f"`{variable}` is empty."
            else:
                failure_message = f"Expected `{variable}` to contain `{expected_value.values}`, but got `{actual_value.values}`."
        else:
            condition = False
            failure_message = f"`{variable}` is not a `Series`."

        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            f"`{variable}` contains the correct values.",
            failure_message
        )


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

test_main.py

Pandas is an extremely user-friendly library for data analysis. It's also designed to handle large datasets, using data structures like DataFrame and Series. This makes it an invaluable tool for Data Science. In this guide, you'll get acquainted with a range of statistical functions, including how to find correlations, modes, medians, and maximum and minimum values within a dataset. You'll also learn how to handle missing values and manipulate specific values, as well as how to remove them.

Dive into the fundamentals of the pandas library. Learn to create and manipulate Series and DataFrames, explore their structure, and build confidence in performing essential data operations.

Master how to load and manage data from CSV and TXT files. Gain practical experience importing datasets and preparing them for further analysis using pandas tools.

Learn to explore, clean, and summarize data effectively. Understand how to handle missing values, extract insights, and perform basic statistical operations with pandas.

Challenge: Using iloc[]

解答