Summary  
This chapter explains how to control cell references in formulas—using relative, absolute, and mixed addressing—so that copying a formula adjusts or locks rows and columns as needed.

General domain of usage  
Spreadsheet data analysis

## Key Points
- When copying a **relative reference** to another cell it adjusts based on the new cell's position;
- **Absolute references** remain constant regardless of where the formula is copied by using **dollar symbols** (`$`) before the **row and the column** references;
- **Mixed references** combine relative and absolute references, **locking** either the **row** or **column** using the dollar (`$`) symbol.

**Formulas** and **functions** are the bread and butter of Excel. They are the tools that let you perform **calculations, analyze data**, and make your **spreadsheets** work smarter for you. 

In this chapter, we'll explore how to harness the power of **formulas and functions** in Excel. 

Open up the **Codefinity Excel Workbook** and go to the **Section 3** worksheet to follow along with the video. Here you can download it if you lost the previous one:

Do not delete or change, used for testing script.

Test bad stars

Key Points