Summary  
This chapter covers using a rename method to change column names of a data structure in-place.  

General domain of usage  
Data preprocessing

In the previous chapter, you dealt with the incorrect values in a column. It is an excellent time to fix any changes. In our case, we can rename the column to pin that it was changed.

To rename a column, use the `.rename()` method. Look at the example where we will rename the column `'Survived'`, and then output the column names.

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv('https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/4bf24830-59ba-4418-969b-aaf8117d522e/titanic4.csv', index_col = 0)
data.rename(columns = {'Survived': 'Survived_Passenger'}, inplace = True)
print(data.columns)

**Explanation:**

```python
.rename(columns = {'Survived': 'Survived_Passenger'}, inplace = True)
```
- `.rename()` - a method that we apply to the dataset to rename columns name;
- `columns = {'Survived': 'Survived_Passenger'}` - in the curly brackets, you specify all columns and their new names. In this case, we renamed just one column, but you can put several of them here separated by commas.

`.columns` - an attribute that outputs the column names. In our case, we can no longer see the column name `'Survived'`.

import unittest
import pandas as pd
import io
import sys


def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_msg, failure_msg):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_msg
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_msg)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_msg
        test_case.fail(failure_msg)


class TestRenameColumn(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_column_renamed(self):
        """
        1. Check that the column 'Fare' was renamed to 'Fare_fixed'.
        """
        import user_code

        url = "https://codefinity-content-media.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/4bf24830-59ba-4418-969b-aaf8117d522e/titanic4.csv"
        df_ref = pd.read_csv(url, index_col=0)

        assert hasattr(user_code, "data"), "Variable 'data' not found."
        df_user = user_code.data

        # Check if 'Fare_fixed' present and 'Fare' removed
        condition = "Fare_fixed" in df_user.columns and "Fare" not in df_user.columns
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The column 'Fare' has been successfully renamed to 'Fare_fixed'.",
            "The column renaming is incorrect. Ensure you renamed 'Fare' to 'Fare_fixed' with inplace=True."
        )


class TestOutput(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_output_columns(self):
        """
        2. Check that all column names were printed.
        """
        import user_code

        captured_output = io.StringIO()
        sys.stdout = captured_output
        print(user_code.data.columns)
        sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__

        output_text = captured_output.getvalue().strip()
        condition = "Fare_fixed" in output_text
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            condition,
            "The column names are printed correctly and include 'Fare_fixed'.",
            "The output is missing or incorrect. Ensure you print(data.columns)."
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()


Renaming Columns

Solution