When you work with individual pixels on the canvas, you use the ImageData object. This object represents a rectangular array of pixels, where each pixel is described by four values in a flat array: red, green, blue, and alpha (opacity). The pixel data is stored in the data property, which is a Uint8ClampedArray. Each set of four consecutive values corresponds to one pixel: the first value is the red channel, the second is green, the third is blue, and the fourth is alpha. The array is ordered left-to-right, top-to-bottom, so the first four values represent the top-left pixel, the next four values the pixel to its right, and so on.

Direct pixel manipulation can be powerful but is often slower than using the canvas's built-in drawing methods. Reading and writing large areas of pixel data can cause noticeable performance drops, especially on larger canvases or in animation loops. To improve performance, limit the region you access with getImageData and putImageData, and avoid unnecessary reads and writes. If you need to update large images frequently, consider using off-screen canvases or batching changes to minimize the number of operations.