Combination of Positional and Keyword Arbitrary Arguments
Consider a function that calculates the total cost of multiple items while allowing you to pass any number of prices and optional keyword settings such as discounts or taxes.
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425def calculate_total_cost(*prices, **settings): subtotal = sum(prices) discount = settings.get("discount", 0) tax = settings.get("tax", 0) discount_amount = subtotal * (discount / 100) taxed_amount = (subtotal - discount_amount) * (1 + tax / 100) print(f"Subtotal: ${subtotal:.2f}") if discount > 0: print(f"Discount: {discount}% (-${discount_amount:.2f})") else: print("No discount applied.") if tax > 0: print(f"Tax: {tax}% (+${taxed_amount - (subtotal - discount_amount):.2f})") print(f"Final total: ${taxed_amount:.2f}") print() # Examples of using the function calculate_total_cost(1000, 250, 50) calculate_total_cost(1200, 800, discount=10) calculate_total_cost(500, 750, 250, discount=5, tax=8)
Rules for Combining Arbitrary Arguments
Positional Arbitrary Arguments (*args)
*args collects all extra positional arguments into a tuple.
In this example, the function can take any number of item prices without needing to define them explicitly.
For example:
calculate_total_cost(500, 250, 100)
Here, *prices becomes (500, 250, 100).
Keyword Arbitrary Arguments (**kwargs)
**kwargs collects all named (keyword) arguments into a dictionary.
This allows the function to accept additional named settings such as discount or tax, even if they werenβt predefined.
For example:
calculate_total_cost(1000, 500, discount=10, tax=5)
Here, **settings becomes {'discount': 10, 'tax': 5}.
Combining Both
You can use both *args and **kwargs in the same function to achieve maximum flexibility β letting you handle any number of positional values and any combination of named settings.
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Consider a function that calculates the total cost of multiple items while allowing you to pass any number of prices and optional keyword settings such as discounts or taxes.
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425def calculate_total_cost(*prices, **settings): subtotal = sum(prices) discount = settings.get("discount", 0) tax = settings.get("tax", 0) discount_amount = subtotal * (discount / 100) taxed_amount = (subtotal - discount_amount) * (1 + tax / 100) print(f"Subtotal: ${subtotal:.2f}") if discount > 0: print(f"Discount: {discount}% (-${discount_amount:.2f})") else: print("No discount applied.") if tax > 0: print(f"Tax: {tax}% (+${taxed_amount - (subtotal - discount_amount):.2f})") print(f"Final total: ${taxed_amount:.2f}") print() # Examples of using the function calculate_total_cost(1000, 250, 50) calculate_total_cost(1200, 800, discount=10) calculate_total_cost(500, 750, 250, discount=5, tax=8)
Rules for Combining Arbitrary Arguments
Positional Arbitrary Arguments (*args)
*args collects all extra positional arguments into a tuple.
In this example, the function can take any number of item prices without needing to define them explicitly.
For example:
calculate_total_cost(500, 250, 100)
Here, *prices becomes (500, 250, 100).
Keyword Arbitrary Arguments (**kwargs)
**kwargs collects all named (keyword) arguments into a dictionary.
This allows the function to accept additional named settings such as discount or tax, even if they werenβt predefined.
For example:
calculate_total_cost(1000, 500, discount=10, tax=5)
Here, **settings becomes {'discount': 10, 'tax': 5}.
Combining Both
You can use both *args and **kwargs in the same function to achieve maximum flexibility β letting you handle any number of positional values and any combination of named settings.
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