Course Content

Python Advanced Concepts

1. Modules and Imports

Python Project Structure Understanding Modules Import Statements Understanding Libraries in Python Exploring Standard Libraries Package Management

2. Error Handling

Basics of Error Handling Raising Exceptions Handling Code After Exceptions Using Assertions Best Practices in Exception Handling

3. File Handling

Introduction to File Handling Reading and Writing Files Advanced File Operations Working with File Paths Context Managers Custom Context Managers Handling Binary Files

4. Pytest Framework

Introduction to Testing in Python Pytest Framework Assert Statement Test Parametrization

5. Unittest Framework

Introduction to Unittest Assert Methods SetUp and TearDown Steps Mocking Technique Mocking in Details

6. Iterators and Generators

Python Iterables Understanding Iterators Lazy Evaluation Introduction to Generators Practical Examples of Generators

Using Assertions

In Python, the assert statement is a built-in feature designed to verify that specific conditions are true within your code. It serves as a sanity check, confirming that certain prerequisites are met at specific points during program execution.

The syntax for the assert statement is as follows:

In Python, assertions are carried out by the assert statement. An assertion checks a condition, and if the condition evaluates to False, it raises an AssertionError exception with an optional error message.


              12345
            
def calculate_average(grades):
    assert len(grades) > 0, "List of grades cannot be empty"
    return sum(grades) / len(grades)

calculate_average([]) # Throw an error

In this example, the function calculates the average grade, and the assertion ensures that the list of grades is not empty before calculating the average. If grades are empty, the assertion fails, preventing division by zero and indicating a clear error in program logic.

Here are some commonly utilized categories of assertions:

Value Assertions: These assertions are often employed in debugging and testing scenarios to verify that the values utilized in a program meet the expected criteria. For example, you might use assertions like assert x >= 18 or as previously illustrated, assert len(grades) > 0;
Type Assertions: Type assertions are especially valuable in dynamically typed languages like Python, where the type of a variable may shift. For instance, using assert isinstance(x, int) confirms that x is indeed an integer;
Collection Assertions: These assertions are used to check whether a collection (like a list or dictionary) includes particular elements or meets specific criteria. Examples include assert item in my_list or assert key in my_dict;
Exception Assertions: These are predominantly used in unit testing (which we will learn in the last section) to ensure that code correctly handles exceptions. For example, assert_raises(ValueError, int, 'abc') checks that converting 'abc' to an integer raises a ValueError. Similarly, assert_raises(ExceptionType, my_function, arg1, arg2) verifies that calling my_function with arg1 and arg2 raises an exception of type ExceptionType.

Now, let’s implement assertions in an existing project to verify certain conditions are met during the program’s execution.

Task

Swipe to show code editor

Add assertions to a sample project that manages user data, ensuring that user information meets certain criteria.

Check that the user_id is not already in the users dictionary to avoid duplicates;
Ensure that user_id is an integer, maintaining consistency in user ID types;
Confirm that user_info is passed as a dictionary to prevent data type errors.

Switch to desktop for real-world practiceContinue from where you are using one of the options below

Everything was clear?

Thanks for your feedback!

Section 2. Chapter 4

Using Assertions

The syntax for the assert statement is as follows:


              12345
            
def calculate_average(grades):
    assert len(grades) > 0, "List of grades cannot be empty"
    return sum(grades) / len(grades)

calculate_average([]) # Throw an error

Here are some commonly utilized categories of assertions:

Value Assertions: These assertions are often employed in debugging and testing scenarios to verify that the values utilized in a program meet the expected criteria. For example, you might use assertions like assert x >= 18 or as previously illustrated, assert len(grades) > 0;
Type Assertions: Type assertions are especially valuable in dynamically typed languages like Python, where the type of a variable may shift. For instance, using assert isinstance(x, int) confirms that x is indeed an integer;
Collection Assertions: These assertions are used to check whether a collection (like a list or dictionary) includes particular elements or meets specific criteria. Examples include assert item in my_list or assert key in my_dict;
Exception Assertions: These are predominantly used in unit testing (which we will learn in the last section) to ensure that code correctly handles exceptions. For example, assert_raises(ValueError, int, 'abc') checks that converting 'abc' to an integer raises a ValueError. Similarly, assert_raises(ExceptionType, my_function, arg1, arg2) verifies that calling my_function with arg1 and arg2 raises an exception of type ExceptionType.

Now, let’s implement assertions in an existing project to verify certain conditions are met during the program’s execution.

Task

Swipe to show code editor

Add assertions to a sample project that manages user data, ensuring that user information meets certain criteria.

Check that the user_id is not already in the users dictionary to avoid duplicates;
Ensure that user_id is an integer, maintaining consistency in user ID types;
Confirm that user_info is passed as a dictionary to prevent data type errors.

Switch to desktop for real-world practiceContinue from where you are using one of the options below

Everything was clear?

Thanks for your feedback!

Section 2. Chapter 4

Using Assertions

The syntax for the assert statement is as follows:


              12345
            
def calculate_average(grades):
    assert len(grades) > 0, "List of grades cannot be empty"
    return sum(grades) / len(grades)

calculate_average([]) # Throw an error

Here are some commonly utilized categories of assertions:

Value Assertions: These assertions are often employed in debugging and testing scenarios to verify that the values utilized in a program meet the expected criteria. For example, you might use assertions like assert x >= 18 or as previously illustrated, assert len(grades) > 0;
Type Assertions: Type assertions are especially valuable in dynamically typed languages like Python, where the type of a variable may shift. For instance, using assert isinstance(x, int) confirms that x is indeed an integer;
Collection Assertions: These assertions are used to check whether a collection (like a list or dictionary) includes particular elements or meets specific criteria. Examples include assert item in my_list or assert key in my_dict;
Exception Assertions: These are predominantly used in unit testing (which we will learn in the last section) to ensure that code correctly handles exceptions. For example, assert_raises(ValueError, int, 'abc') checks that converting 'abc' to an integer raises a ValueError. Similarly, assert_raises(ExceptionType, my_function, arg1, arg2) verifies that calling my_function with arg1 and arg2 raises an exception of type ExceptionType.

Now, let’s implement assertions in an existing project to verify certain conditions are met during the program’s execution.

Task

Swipe to show code editor

Add assertions to a sample project that manages user data, ensuring that user information meets certain criteria.

Check that the user_id is not already in the users dictionary to avoid duplicates;
Ensure that user_id is an integer, maintaining consistency in user ID types;
Confirm that user_info is passed as a dictionary to prevent data type errors.

Switch to desktop for real-world practiceContinue from where you are using one of the options below

Everything was clear?

Thanks for your feedback!

The syntax for the assert statement is as follows:


              12345
            
def calculate_average(grades):
    assert len(grades) > 0, "List of grades cannot be empty"
    return sum(grades) / len(grades)

calculate_average([]) # Throw an error

Here are some commonly utilized categories of assertions:

Value Assertions: These assertions are often employed in debugging and testing scenarios to verify that the values utilized in a program meet the expected criteria. For example, you might use assertions like assert x >= 18 or as previously illustrated, assert len(grades) > 0;
Type Assertions: Type assertions are especially valuable in dynamically typed languages like Python, where the type of a variable may shift. For instance, using assert isinstance(x, int) confirms that x is indeed an integer;
Collection Assertions: These assertions are used to check whether a collection (like a list or dictionary) includes particular elements or meets specific criteria. Examples include assert item in my_list or assert key in my_dict;
Exception Assertions: These are predominantly used in unit testing (which we will learn in the last section) to ensure that code correctly handles exceptions. For example, assert_raises(ValueError, int, 'abc') checks that converting 'abc' to an integer raises a ValueError. Similarly, assert_raises(ExceptionType, my_function, arg1, arg2) verifies that calling my_function with arg1 and arg2 raises an exception of type ExceptionType.

Now, let’s implement assertions in an existing project to verify certain conditions are met during the program’s execution.

Task

Swipe to show code editor

Add assertions to a sample project that manages user data, ensuring that user information meets certain criteria.

Check that the user_id is not already in the users dictionary to avoid duplicates;
Ensure that user_id is an integer, maintaining consistency in user ID types;
Confirm that user_info is passed as a dictionary to prevent data type errors.

Switch to desktop for real-world practiceContinue from where you are using one of the options below

Section 2. Chapter 4

Switch to desktop for real-world practiceContinue from where you are using one of the options below