Summary  
This chapter covers how to use the `popitem()` method to remove and return the last inserted key-value pair from a dictionary.

General domain of usage  
Dynamic data structure manipulation within applications.

Dictionaries also have a `popitem()` method that removes and returns the last key-value pair. 

book = {
    "title": "Pride and Prejudice",
    "author": "Jane Austen",
    "year": 1813,
    "genre": "Romance"
}

# Removing the last key-value pair using popitem()
popped_item = book.popitem()

# Printing the updated dictionary and the removed pair
print("Removed item:", popped_item)
print("Updated dictionary:", book)

import unittest
import importlib

def _dynamic_test(test_case, condition, success_message, failure_message):
    if condition:
        test_case._testMethodName = success_message
        test_case.assertTrue(True, success_message)
    else:
        test_case._testMethodName = failure_message
        test_case.fail(failure_message)

class TestUserCode(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_authors_books_is_declared(self):
        import user_code
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'authors_books'),
            "The `authors_books` dictionary is declared.",
            "Expected `authors_books` to be declared."
        )

    def test_authors_books_is_dict(self):
        import user_code
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            isinstance(user_code.authors_books, dict),
            "The `authors_books` is of type `dict`.",
            "Expected `authors_books` to be of type `dict`."
        )

    def test_removed_element_is_declared(self):
        import user_code
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            hasattr(user_code, 'removed_element'),
            "The `removed_element` variable is declared.",
            "Expected `removed_element` to be declared."
        )

    def test_removed_element_was_last(self):
        import user_code
        expected_last_key = 'Agatha Christie'
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            isinstance(user_code.removed_element, tuple) and user_code.removed_element[0] == expected_last_key,
            "The last element was correctly removed using `popitem()`.",
            "Expected only the last element to be removed using `popitem()`"
        )

    def test_mark_twain_is_added(self):
        import user_code
        expected_books = [
            'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer',
            'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn',
            'The Prince and the Pauper'
        ]
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            'Mark Twain' in user_code.authors_books and user_code.authors_books['Mark Twain'] == expected_books,
            "The `Mark Twain` entry was added correctly.",
            "Expected `Mark Twain` to be in `authors_books` with the correct book list."
        )

    def test_other_authors_exist(self):
        import user_code
        expected_authors = {
            'William Shakespeare', 'J.K. Rowling', 'George Orwell', 'Stephen King'
        }
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            expected_authors.issubset(set(user_code.authors_books.keys())),
            "Other authors are still present in `authors_books`.",
            "Some expected authors are missing from `authors_books`."
        )

    def test_popitem_method_used(self):
        with open('user_code.py', 'r') as file:
            user_code_source = file.read()
        _dynamic_test(
            self,
            "popitem()" in user_code_source,
            "The `popitem()` method is used to remove the last element.",
            "Expected the `popitem()` method to be used to remove the last element."
        )

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

test_main.py

Explore the fundamental data structures of the Python programming language, including lists, dictionaries, tuples, and sets, and learn how to apply them effectively to solve real-world programming challenges.

What is a list? A list is an ordered collection that can be modified. It also allows for duplicate elements.

What is a dictionary? A dictionary is an ordered collection that can be changed, but it doesn't allow duplicate entries. It consists of key:value pairs, which are used to optimize its structure.

What is a tuple? A tuple is an ordered collection that cannot be altered. It can have duplicate elements. While it's similar to a list, the values in a tuple can be of any type and are indexed by integers. Although not mandatory, it's common to enclose the values of a tuple in parentheses, making them easier to understand in Python.

What is a set? In Python, a set is an unordered collection that is both iterable and mutable, with no repeated elements. While the order of items in a set isn't fixed, it can include a variety of elements. A key benefit of using sets over lists is their highly efficient method for determining if an element exists within the set.

Using the popitem() Method: Removing the Last Inserted Item

Solution

Awesome!

Using the popitem() Method: Removing the Last Inserted Item

Solution